| FMR 54 - Resettlement: where's the evidence, what's the strategy? |
The aims and objectives of resettlement are poorly specified and the outcomes are poorly measured. |
Alexander Betts |
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| FMR 54 General - Ensuring the rights of climate-displaced people in Bangladesh |
Five critical areas require urgent action with the threat of internal displacement as a result of climate change already severe and growing in Bangladesh. |
Prabal Barua, Mohammad Shahjahan, Mohammad Arifur Rahman, Syed Hafizur Rahman, Morshed Hossan Molla |
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| FMR 54 General - When money speaks: behind asylum seekers' consumption patterns |
Asylum seekers' consumption patterns. |
Jonathan Goh, Sophie Kurschner, Tina Esmail, Jonathan van Arneman |
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| FMR 54 General - Migrant, refugee or minor? It matters for children in Europe. |
The capacity of child-rights institutions and children’s services in many European countries needs to be strengthened considerably if governments are to meet their commitments to refugee and migrant children. |
Kevin Byrne |
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| FMR 54 General - Statelessness determination: the Swiss experience |
While a detailed law on statelessness determination is recommended by UNHCR and others, Swiss practice in statelessness determination has evolved without one. |
Karen Hamann |
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| FMR 54 Post-deportation mini-feature - Post-deportation risks for failed asylum seekers |
What happens to people who are deported after their asylum applications have failed? Many who are deported are at risk of harm when they return to their country of origin but there is little monitoring done of deportation outcomes. |
Jill Alpes, Charlotte Blondel, Nausicaa Preiss, Meritxell Sayos Monras |
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| FMR 54 Post-deportation mini-feature - Risks encountered after forced removal: the return experiences of young Afghans |
New research has documented the outcomes for young asylum seekers forcibly removed from the UK to Afghanistan. |
Emily Bowerman |
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| FMR 54 Post-deportation mini-feature - A grim return: post-deportation risks in Uganda |
Neither the UK nor Uganda monitors what happens during and after deportation by the UK of failed Ugandan asylum seekers, despite evidence of violence and grave abuses of individuals' human rights. |
Charity Ahumuza Onyoin |
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| FMR 54 Post-deportation mini-feature - The EU-Turkey deal: what happens to people who return to Turkey? |
People who return to Turkey under the EU-Turkey deal are detained and many risk onward deportation without access to legal aid and international protection. |
Sevda Tunaboylu, Jill Alpes |
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| FMR 53 - From the Editors |
This issue’s feature theme, ‘Local communities: first and last providers of protection’, looks at the capacity of communities to organise themselves before, during and after displacement in ways that help protect the community. |
Marion Couldrey, Maurice Herson |
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| FMR 53 - Understanding and supporting community-led protection |
Supporting locally led protection strategies can significantly improve the impact of protection interventions. |
Nils Carstensen |
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| FMR 53 - Challenging the established order: the need to 'localise' protection |
The growing criticism of protection actors for neglecting indigenous coping strategies and capacities should prompt a radical, creative re-think of attitudes and approaches. |
Simon Russell |
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| FMR 53 - Women-led self-protection in Sudan |
In parts of Sudan, local NGOs and women’s groups have taken the lead in their own protection, and their considerable achievements have helped change the status of women in their communities. |
Nagwa Musa Konda, Leila Karim Tima Kodi, Nils Carstensen |
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| FMR 53 - This group is essential to our survival: urban refugees and community-based protection |
Nearly 60 percent of all refugees now live in cities, a trend that will continue as camps increasingly become an option of last resort. |
Jennifer S Rosenberg |
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| FMR 53 - Refugees as a first stop for protection in Kampala |
As Rwandan refugees in Kampala, I and others like me are uniquely placed to help newly arrived refugees find their feet in the city. The work is demanding but vital. |
Eugenie Mukandayisenga |
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| FMR 53 - Combatting dependency and promoting child protection in Rwanda |
Continuing dependence on aid that waxes and wanes with time and that comes largely from external sources can lead to feelings of powerlessness. It can furthermore undermine family- and community-based initiatives to protect children. |
Saeed Rahman, Simran Chaudhri, Lindsay Stark, Mark Canavera |
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| FMR 53 - Local action to protect communities in Nigeria |
Collaborative, creative initiatives in Nigeria helped protect local communities from much of the impact of Boko Haram violence. When international agencies arrived, however, they ignored these efforts. |
Margee Ensign |
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| FMR 53 - Refugees hosting refugees |
Acknowledging the widespread reality of ‘overlapping’ displacement provides an entry point to recognising and engaging with the agency of refugees and their diverse hosts in providing support and welcome to displaced people. |
Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh |
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| FMR 53 - Northern Uganda: protection in displacement, protection on return |
In the absence of international or state assistance and protection, community members in northern Uganda stepped in to fill this vacuum both during displacement and throughout the laborious return process following the conflict’s end. |
Denise Dunovant |
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| FMR 53 - Rethinking support for communities' self-protection strategies: a case study from Uganda |
Local communities will continue to find ways to address the risks that confront them with or without humanitarian support but the international community may be able to enhance these solutions. |
Jessica A Lenz |
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| FMR 53 - Rebuilding lives in Colombia |
A grassroots women’s organisation in Colombia is working to protect women and girls from sexual and gender-based violence, and to support the healing of survivors. |
Emese Kantor |
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| FMR 53 - Community-based protection: the ICRC approach |
The ICRC tries to ensure that its activities on behalf of IDPs and those at risk of displacement support, rather than undermine, communities’ and individuals’ self-protection mechanisms and coping strategies. |
Angela Cotroneo, Marta Pawlak |
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| FMR 53 - Networks and 'the right to the city' in Medellin, Colombia |
Collective action by displaced people in Medellin has been both diverse and strategic. |
Jonathan Alejandro Murcia, James Gilberto Granada Vahos |
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| FMR 53 - Effective community-based protection programming: lessons from the Democratic Republic of Congo |
Oxfam’s work with local communities in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo has prompted the organisation to develop guidance for themselves and for others working in similar situations. |
Richard Nunn |
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| FMR 53 - Community Liaison Assistants: a bridge between peacekeepers and local populations |
Community Liaison Assistants may be UN peacekeeping’s most effective instrument for community engagement, with the potential to play a critical role in the protection of civilians. |
Janosch Kullenberg |
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| FMR 53 - Refugee community development in New Delhi |
Recognising that process is as important as outcomes, a community development approach can be effective in supporting local communities as providers of first resort. |
Linda Bartolomei, Mari Hamidi, Nima Mohamed Mohamud, Kristy Ward |
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| FMR 53 - Community policing in Kakuma camp, Kenya |
Community policing has become a popular way of promoting local ownership of security in refugee camps in Kenya and more widely, but it can also fall victim to its ambivalent position at the intersection of refugee communities and state policing. |
Hanno Brankamp |
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| FMR 53 - The role of community centres in offering protection: UNHCR and Al Ghaith Association in Yemen |
Community centres play an important role in offering protection for displaced communities, particularly for members of those communities who have specific needs. |
Nicolas Martin-Achard, Al Ghaith Association |
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| FMR 53 - The role of cultural norms and local power structures in Yemen |
Community power structures and attitudes in Yemen are key factors in how IDPs can gain protection and assistance. |
Mohammed Al-Sabahi, Fausto Aarya De Santis |
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| FMR 53 - The role of community in refugee journeys to Europe |
For Eritreans and Syrians coming to Europe, community networks both encourage the initial decision to go and provide elements of support along the way. |
Richard Mallett, Jessica Hagen-Zanker |
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| FMR 53 - Integrating protection into disaster risk preparedness in the Dominican Republic |
Addressing protection as a key element of community-based disaster risk reduction and preparedness efforts is essential to safeguarding human rights in disaster and emergency settings. |
Andrea Verdeja |
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| FMR 53 - Filling the funding gap for community protection |
An initiative to help local communities build resilience against violent extremism may offer useful lessons in how to help local communities access funding to support their self-protection efforts. |
Khalid Koser, Amy Cunningham |
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| FMR 53 - Preparing for self-preservation |
External actors need a far deeper understanding of local communities’ experience of and strategies for self-protection, and a far greater commitment to support those communities. |
Casey Barrs |
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| FMR 53 General - Rethinking gender in the international refugee regime |
Currently the instruments of refugee status determination make asylum claims depend on images of women that are characterised by victimisation and motherhood. |
Megan Denise Smith |
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| FMR 53 General - Colombia: the peace process and solutions for forced migrants |
If, as seems likely, Colombia reaches a peace agreement to end its long internal conflict, the settlement may create the political and legal conditions to solve the phenomenon of forced migration of its citizens. |
Jeisson Oswaldo Martínez Leguízamo |
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| FMR 53 General - Statelessness and the refugee crisis in Europe |
The European Union needs to issue a Directive on common standards for statelessness determination procedures with a view to mitigating the particular impacts of statelessness in the context of the continuing refugee crisis in Europe. |
Katalin Berényi |
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| FMR 53 General - Refugee women as entrepreneurs in Australia |
The 'Stepping Stones to Small Business' programme in Australia is appreciated by participants but has shown that 'entrepreneurship' is a problematic concept in the context of women from refugee backgrounds. |
John van Kooy |
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| FMR 53 General - Power, politics and privilege: public health at the Thai-Burma border |
Power, politics and privilege: public health at the Thai-Burma border. |
Nikhil A Patel, Amos B Licthman, Mohit M Nair, Parveen K Parmar |
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| FMR 53 General - Humanitarian visas: building on Brazil's experience |
Brazil’s humanitarian visas are an important tool in complementary protection, offering legal pathways for forced migrants to reach a safer country. |
Liliana Lyra Jubilut, Camila Sombra Muiños de Andrade, André de Lima Madureira |
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| FMR 53 General - Engaging with innovation among refugees and IDPs |
Traditional humanitarian actors should develop mechanisms to support innovation by displaced people. |
Danielle Robinson |
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| FMR 53 General - South African midwives caring for immigrant and refugee women |
Over recent years South Africa has accepted many refugees and asylum seekers, among whom are women requiring maternity services. |
Mamokgadi Gloria Victoria Koneshe |
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| FMR 53 - FMR Reader Survey 2016: results and observations |
We are very grateful to the approximately 550 individuals who took the time to respond to our recent Reader Survey. |
FMR Online |
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| FMR 52 - From the Editors |
Our belief in the need for and the efficacy of humanitarian action is partly based on its actual effectiveness over the years in addressing the needs of, among others, forced migrants. |
Marion Couldrey, Maurice Herson |
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| FMR 52 - Forced displacement: a development issue with humanitarian elements |
Now is the time to consolidate the shift towards full global recognition that the challenge of forced displacement is an integral part of the development agenda. |
Niels Harild |
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| FMR 52 - The reality of transitions |
Attempts to address the drivers of forced displacement and to provide sustainable solutions for refugees, IDPs and returnees need a more nuanced understanding of the drivers of violence and of war-to-peace transitions. |
Silvio Cordova |
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| FMR 52 - Forgotten people: former Liberian refugees in Ghana |
The viability of the ECOWAS integration scheme implemented as a solution for those Liberians who continued to stay in Ghana is seen to be limited. |
Naohiko Omata |
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| FMR 52 - Reflecting on Liberia and Sierra Leone |
In post-conflict Liberia and Sierra Leone, partnerships that were mutually supportive and that included the displaced themselves facilitated rapid and enduring results. |
J O Moses Okello |
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| FMR 52 - Peace in Colombia and solutions for its displaced people |
With the prospect of peace comes the need to find solutions for those displaced during 50 years of fighting. |
Martin Gottwald |
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| FMR 52 - A perspective from the World Bank |
The World Bank brings distinctive qualities to the role it can play in furthering the humanitarian to development transition and is significantly scaling up its engagement on forced displacement. |
Joanna de Berry |
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| FMR 52 - Humanitarian action and the transformation of gender relations |
There is value in creating space within a humanitarian response to invest in interventions that go beyond addressing the immediate risks and needs. |
Melinda Wells, Geeta Kuttiparambil |
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| FMR 52 - An age-sensitive approach to durable solutions |
Elderly people are likely to face specific constraints in displacement, yet the durable solutions devised by many states tend to follow a one-size-fits-all approach. |
Ana Mosneaga, Michaella Vanore |
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| FMR 52 - New aid architecture and resilience building around the Syria crisis |
The international community has been piloting an integrated humanitarian, development and government response to the crisis in the region of Syria. |
Gustavo Gonzalez |
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| FMR 52 - Development cooperation and addressing ‘root causes' |
Development has its place in dealing with the roots of displacement but it is not an alternative to important measures. |
Steffen Angenendt, Anne Koch, Amrei Meier |
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| FMR 52 - Labour mobility as part of the solution |
While refugee families lack access to work and struggle to survive, there are skills gaps around the world that could benefit from skilled refugees’ talents. |
Sayre Nyce, Mary Louise Cohen, Bruce Cohen |
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| FMR 52 - Palestinian professionals in Lebanon: an exception |
Palestine refugees in Lebanon, being classified as foreigners or migrants, suffer restrictions on their employment. |
Mahmoud Al-Ali |
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| FMR 52 - Doing business in Ecuador |
Engaging refugees in the economic development of Ecuador’s Esmeraldas Province would provide them with livelihoods and also combat the perception that they are a burden on society. |
Oscar M Sánchez Piñeiro, Regina Saavedra |
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| FMR 52 - The contribution of the private sector to solutions for displacement |
The Solutions Alliance is exploring ways of better engaging with the private sector to harness their capacity to turn displacement challenges into development opportunities. |
Glaucia Boyer, Yannick DuPont |
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| FMR 52 - Conceptual challenges and practical solutions in situations of internal displacement |
In situations of internal displacement, a variety of political, operational, ethical and practical challenges complicate our understanding and response and the adequate implementation of durable solutions. |
Chaloka Beyani, Natalia Krynsky Baal, Martina Caterina |
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| FMR 52 - Potential of protection capacity building to assist transition |
If protection capacity building is successful, it can contribute to establishing asylum systems that lead to local integration. |
Sarah Deardorff Miller, Julian Lehmann |
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| FMR 52 - Energy solutions with both humanitarian and development pay-offs |
Energy services are essential to the most basic human needs. |
Owen Grafham, Glada Lahn, Johanna Lehne |
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| FMR 52 - Uganda’s approach to refugee self-reliance |
Uganda has chosen inclusion over marginalisation; rather than coerce refugees into camps, Uganda upholds their rights to work, to attend school and to move freely. |
Kelly T Clements, Timothy Shoffner, Leah Zamore |
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| FMR 52 - Limitations of development-oriented assistance in Uganda |
In camp-like settlements, the aid provided by aid agencies with a development orientation can do little more than improve livelihood conditions. |
Ulrike Krause |
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| FMr 52 - Telling it like it is |
Oral histories provide a means to productively include forcibly displaced people in the work and practices of those looking for solutions for displacement crises. |
Tammi Sharpe, Elias Schneider |
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| FMR 52 - Somalia-Yemen links: refugees and returnees |
Many of the hundreds of thousands of Somali refugees to whom Yemen offered prima facie refugee status over the decades are having to return as a result of the fighting in Yemen. |
Maimuna Mohamud |
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| FMR 52 - A role for market analysis |
Securing refugees’ access to work opportunities would help to ameliorate the problems associated with a primarily humanitarian response. |
Diana Essex, Jessica Therkelsen, Anna Wirth |
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| FMR 52 - Family allowance extended to refugees in Brazil |
The Brazilian government has extended an allowance, which was created to assist poor Brazilian families, to refugees. |
Lilian Yamamoto |
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| FMr 52 - Transitional policies and durable solutions for displaced Kashmiri Pandits |
The continuation of the predicament of those who remain displaced from the Kashmir Valley since 1989 results from the unintended consequences of past policies. |
Sudha G Rajput |
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| FMR 52 - Gendered limits to the returnee village programme in Burundi |
Gender and kinship intersect with a variety of other important factors in differential experiences of return. |
Yolanda Weima |
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| FMR 52 - Naturalisation of Burundian refugees in Tanzania |
Tanzania’s offer of citizenship to some 200,000 refugees received international attention and support. |
Amelia Kuch |
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| FMR 52 - Displacement and development solutions in Tanzania |
Tanzania’s refugee integration could serve as a blueprint for expanding the framework of durable solutions globally. |
Erol Kekic, Harrison Mseke |
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| FMR 52 - Transitional solutions for the displaced in the Horn of Africa |
Refugees can contribute significantly to the economy of countries of refuge. |
Nassim Majidi, Saagarika Dadu-Brown |
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| FMR 52 - Repatriation and solutions in stabilisation contexts |
So-called stabilisation contexts are risky for repatriation and therefore it is especially important to maintain the legal and practical difference between mandatory and voluntary repatriation. |
Giulio Morello |
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| FMR 52 - Pathway to peaceful resolution in Myanmar's Rakhine State |
Loud nationalistic voices and powerful vested interests stand in the way of cooperation between the Rakhine and Muslim communities and solving displacement. |
Ronan Lee, Anthony Ware |
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| FMR 52 - Refugee-run organisations as partners in development |
Incorporating refugee-run organisations into development programmes. |
Evan Easton-Calabria |
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| FMR 52 - A new approach to old problems: the Solutions Alliance |
Over the last three years, the Solutions Alliance has gradually emerged as a multi-stakeholder initiative to overcome the so-called humanitarian-development divide. |
Alexander Betts |
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| FMR 52 General - What's going on in Nigeria? |
Huge numbers of people in Nigeria's north-east have been affected by poverty, environmental degradation and Boko Haram violence. |
Toby Lanzer |
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| FMR 52 General - The weakness of resettlement safeguards in mining |
It is questionable whether current planning practices can safeguard against the risks associated with displacement and resettlement. |
John R Owen, Deanna Kemp |
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| FMR 52 General - Causes and consequences of Canada's resettlement of Syrian refugees |
By the end of February 2016, Canada had fulfilled its promise to resettle 25,000 Syrian refugees. |
Anne-Marie Bélanger McMurdo |
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| FMR 52 General - Assisted Voluntary Return: implications for women and children |
Assisted Voluntary Return programmes often send women and children back to places of insecurity and uncertainty. |
Monica Encinas |
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| FMR 52 General - Psychosocial age assessments in the UK |
Poor age assessment procedures may have devastating consequences. |
Debbie Busler |
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| FMR 52 General - Sweden's U-turn on asylum |
Sweden's recent turnaround on asylum was triggered by various factors, including insufficient domestic preparedness and the humanitarian failures of other EU countries. |
Bernd Parusel |
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| FMR 52 General - Responding to LGBT forced migration in East Africa |
Following the passage of Uganda’s Anti-Homosexuality Act in December 2013, hundreds of LGBT individuals fled to Kenya seeking safety. |
Gitta Zomorodi |
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| FMR 52 General - The legal status of Iraqi refugees in neighbouring countries |
There is little protection and assistance available for Iraqi refugees in neighbouring countries, especially as these countries are predominantly non-signatories to the 1951 Refugee Convention. It is consequently hard for refugees to support themselves. |
Mohammad Abbas Mohsen |
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| FMR 52 General - Imprisonment and deportation of Iraqi refugees in Lebanon |
A non-signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention, Lebanon does not grant refugee status to Iraqis, many of whom end up spending long periods of time in detention. |
Qusay Tariq Al-Zubaidi |
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| FMR 52 General - Communication of information on the Thai-Burma border |
Communication of information has emerged as a particular concern for camp residents in Thailand since discussions about repatriation gained momentum in the past few years. |
Victoria Jack |
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| FMR 52 General - We have, I believe, won acceptance for the argument |
From a statement made to the United Nations General Assembly, 20 November 1967. |
Sadruddin Aga Khan |
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| FMR 51 - From the Editors |
Europe is experiencing the mass movements of displaced people in a way that it has largely been immune from for decades. |
Marion Couldrey, Maurice Herson |
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| FMR 51 - Foreword: Banking on mobility over a generation |
Europe need not renounce its freedom of movement: it should instead develop a better controlled mobility regime. It would then, in effect, much better control its borders. |
François Crépeau |
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| FMR 51 - Migrants, refugees, history and precedents |
There is much about earlier migration crises that today’s European policymakers might profitably recall. |
Colin Bundy |
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| FMR 51 - Refugee protection in Europe: time for a major overhaul? |
A number of myths surrounding refugee protection may obscure our understanding and complicate the search for solutions, but there are also clear and realistic possibilities for change in the EU’s body of law to enable better outcomes for states & refugees |
Maria Stavropoulou |
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| FMR 51 - Simplifying refugee status determination |
There is a persuasive case to be made for simplifying refugee status determination in the European Union. |
Kelly Staples |
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| FMR 51 - Arrivals on the island of Lesbos, summer 2015 |
Lesbos, population 85,000, received more than 85,000 refugees and migrants in 2015 up to the end of August. |
Fotini Rantsiou |
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| FMR 51 - It need not be like this |
Creating space for smugglers and failing to provide humanitarian assistance are European failures. Opening legal routes to Europe could deal with both. |
Cathryn Costello |
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| FMR 51 - The Mediterranean challenge within a world of humanitarian crises |
While the high number of migrants and refugees arriving in Europe in 2015 has increased pressures and tensions, this is not a crisis beyond the capability of Europe to manage together as a Union. |
William Lacy Swing |
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| FMR 51 - A network of camps on the way to Europe |
While makeshift camps, such as those that have proliferated around Europe, may form spaces of resourcefulness and agency which cannot be accommodated in state-run detention camps, none of these temporary spaces is a definitive solution. |
Irit Katz |
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| FMR 51 - Trickery in Dublin’s shadow |
Border practices at the Italy-Austria border are part of a wider trend of questionable practices used by EU Member States which render irrelevant both the Schengen Agreement and the Dublin Regulation. |
Marco Funk |
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| FMR 51 - Abuses at Europe’s borders |
Refugees and migrants have been regularly subjected to widespread rights violations by officials at some European borders. The EU needs to allow more legal avenues for people seeking protection to reach Europe safely. |
Duncan Breen |
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| FMR 51 - Melilla: mirage en route to Europe |
Among those who have reached Melilla, there seems to be no consensus as to whether they see themselves as being in transit in Europe or still in Africa. |
Frida Bjørneseth |
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| FMR 51 - Search and rescue in the central Mediterranean |
Although people are aware of the risks of the sea crossing, nothing can really prepare them for the experience. |
Hernan del Valle, Rabia Ben Ali, Will Turner |
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| FMR 51 - Safety, rescue at sea and legal access |
If it is to live up to its own values, the EU needs to step up search-and-rescue operations in the Mediterranean and open up legal means for access to protection in Europe in order to avoid the need for risky journeys across the Mediterranean. |
Stefan Kessler |
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