| FMR 59 - Improving IDP data to help implement the Guiding Principles |
Reliable, comprehensive data are vital for effective programming and practice. Data quality can be improved in many ways to better reflect the Guiding Principles and provide evidence to support their implementation. |
Natalia Krynsky Baal, Laura Kivelä, Melissa Weihmayer |
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| FMR 59 - The Sustainable Development Goals and IDPs |
Having adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, States must be helped to make their promise to ‘leave no one behind’ a reality for IDPs. |
Greta Zeender |
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| FMR 59 - The importance of monitoring internal displacement |
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development acknowledges the link between internal displacement and development, and States should therefore be including internal displacement when monitoring progress towards their development goals. |
Christelle Cazabat |
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| FMR 59 - Strengthening implementation of the Guiding Principles by affected States |
Engaging with States affected by internal displacement by facilitating peer-to-peer exchanges on shared challenges and through tapping into the potential for mobilisation by sub-regional and regional forums can prompt national action. |
Angela Cotroneo |
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| FMR 59 - Domesticating the Guiding Principles in Afghanistan |
Over the past 20 years, many governments have developed legal and policy instruments to help incorporate the Guiding Principles into national legislation or policy frameworks. Achieving effective, meaningful implementation, however, is hard. |
Nassim Majidi, Dan Tyler |
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| FMR 59 - Protecting property: the Iraqi experience |
Protection of property rights on a fair and non-discriminatory basis within Iraq’s multi-ethnic society is central to the end of displacement and the start of durable solutions. |
Sila Sonmez, Shahaan Murray, Martin Clutterbuck |
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| FMR 59 - The Guiding Principles and armed non-State actors |
Direct humanitarian engagement with these actors is required in order to help them improve their understanding of and compliance with the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. |
Carla Ruta, Heloise Ruaudel, Pascal Bongard |
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| FMR 59 - Addressing internal displacement in Ethiopia |
Among various new initiatives in Ethiopia to address both the short- and long-term needs of IDPs, the Durable Solutions Working Group is making some progress, despite the challenging context. |
Behigu Habte, Yun Jin Kweon |
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| FMR 59 - The Guiding Principles in international human rights courts |
The Guiding Principles have potential to support and complement international human rights law on internal displacement but they have had little explicit consideration by international and regional human rights courts and commissions. |
Deborah Casalin |
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| FMR 59 - A disaster approach to displacement: IDPs in the Philippines |
In the absence of a national policy on internal displacement, the Philippines has used a disaster management framework to address displacement caused by terrorism-related conflict in Marawi City. |
Reinna Bermudez, Francis Tom Temprosa, Odessa Gonzalez Benson |
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| FMR 59 - Planned relocation in Asia and the Pacific |
Promising policy developments are underway in Asia and the Pacific to address climate and disaster-related displacement, yet the deeper governance structures required to embed protection are not yet in place, especially for planned relocation. |
Jessie Connell, Sabira Coelho |
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| FMR 59 - Internal displacement beyond 2018: the road ahead |
The statistics and the challenges around internal displacement are daunting. However, much has been learned since the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement were launched in 1998. |
Alexandra Bilak, Avigail Shai |
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| FMR 59 General - Lessons from the 1990s for Belize today |
Belize is currently facing a refugee situation that in many ways is reminiscent of the Central American refugee crisis it dealt with, successfully, in the 1990s. Could lessons from the past be key to the most effective response today? |
Janice Marshall, Kelleen Corrigan |
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| FMR 59 General - Gender and livelihoods in Myanmar after development-induced resettlement |
Research on a resettlement programme in Myanmar underscores the pressing need for policymakers to understand the ways in which gender affects how different groups experience the impact of development-induced resettlement. |
Gillian Cornish, Rebekah Ramsay |
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| FMR 59 General - Working with peer researchers in refugee communities |
Refugee peer researchers can be a vital source of access, knowledge and assistance to refugee communities, and international researchers must consider how best to work collaboratively with them. |
William Bakunzi |
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| FMR 59 General - Valuing local humanitarian knowledge: learning from the Central African Republic |
The humanitarian community needs to better identify, collect, harness and disseminate the local humanitarian knowledge that is developed within protracted conflict settings by national NGOs. |
Brigitte Piquard, Luk Delft |
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| FMR 59 General - The Global Summit of Refugees and the importance of refugee self-representation |
In June 2018, 72 refugee representatives from 27 refugee-hosting countries gathered in Geneva for the first-ever Global Summit of Refugees. |
The Global Summit of Refugees Steering Committee |
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| FMR 59 General - Assisting displaced people: a shared responsibility |
Enyimba kwe nu. When we work together, we achieve more. |
Iwuoha Chima Iwuoha |
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| FMR 59 General - Exclusion of local actors from coordination leadership in child protection |
Despite multiple commitments to and much guidance on the desirability of local actors leading coordination at the national level, the reality is that they continue to be excluded. |
Umar Abdullahi Maina, Daniel Machuor, Anthony Nolan |
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| FMR 58 Humans and animals in refugee camps - A field study of migration and adversity |
The migratory journeys of birds can reflect the same complexity of issues that trigger and affect human displacement. |
Derek Robertson |
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| FMR 58 Humans and animals in refugee camps - Animal and human health in the Sahrawi refugee camps |
Health challenges in the Sahrawi refugee camps in the Algerian desert are faced by both human and animal populations, and therefore responses must function for the benefit of both. |
Giorgia Angeloni, Jennifer Carr |
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| FMR 58 - From the editors |
In our main feature, authors explore the complex interactions of the constraints and opportunities involved, drawing on case-studies from around the world and highlighting the roles of new actors, new technologies and new-or renewed-approaches. |
Marion Couldrey, Jenny Peebles |
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| FMR 58 - Refugees’ right to work and access to labour markets: constraints, challenges and ways forward |
Host countries need to assess the potential for opening their labour markets to refugees, and enhancing access to decent work. |
Roger Zetter, Heloise Ruaudel |
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| FMR 58 - Supporting recently resettled refugees in the UK |
Organisations supporting recently resettled refugees to find employment should focus on providing them with the tools to navigate the employment market in a sustainable way that leads to their personal development. |
Marwa Belghazi |
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| FMR 58 - Integrating refugees into the Turkish labour market |
The granting to Syrian refugees in Turkey of the right to access formal work was a first step towards their economic integration but a number of challenges remain. |
Ximena V Del Carpio, Sirma Demir Seker, Ahmet Levent Yener |
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| FMR 58 - From refugee to employee: work integration in rural Denmark |
The launch of Red Cross Denmark’s Fast Track programme, which focuses on early refugee employment, offers an opportunity to explore the relationship between local employment of refugees and the sustainability of rural life. |
Martin Ledstrup, Marie Larsen |
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| FMR 58 - Integrating refugee doctors into host health-care systems |
Refugee doctors face a number of barriers to practising medicine, despite the significant contributions that they can make. |
Shahla Namak, Fatin Sahhar, Sarah Kureshi, Fadya El Rayess, Ranit Mishori |
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| FMR 58 - Refugees’ engagement with host economies in Uganda |
Multi-sited fieldwork in Uganda allows for an exploration of the complex patterns of engagement between refugees’ economic activities and local economies, in urban, emergency and protracted settings. |
Naohiko Omata |
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| FMR 58 - Refugees and host communities in the Rwandan labour market |
In Rwanda, Congolese refugees have the same freedom of movement and right to work as Rwandans but the experiences and economic activities of these two populations are very different. |
Özge Bilgili, Craig Loschmann |
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| FMR 58 - The role of rural grocery stores in refugee reception |
Our research with rural grocery store managers in Denmark suggests that the integration of asylum centres into the local social and economic life in rural areas is a key factor in successful refugee reception. |
Zachary Whyte, Birgitte Romme Larsen, Mona Schaldemose |
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| FMR 58 - Collaboration with criminal organisations in Colombia: an obstacle to economic recovery |
Those seeking to support economic development for internally displaced people in Colombia need to understand how and why many IDPs collaborate with armed groups and criminal organisations. |
Christopher M Hays |
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| FMR 58 - Syrian economies: a temporary boom? |
Some displaced people and their host communities have benefited economically from the consequences of conflict in Syria’s Raqqa province. Others need support – and the type of support needed will change as circumstances change. |
Ahmad Al Ajlan |
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| FMR 58 - Obstacles to refugees’ self-reliance in Germany |
The majority of Germany’s refugees and asylum seekers rely on government welfare and face serious obstacles to self-reliance. Integration policies must eliminate these obstacles to promote mutual long-term benefits for refugees and their new communities. |
Elizabeth Ekren |
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| FMR 58 - The new world of work and the need for digital empowerment |
References are often made to forced migrants’ digital literacy, including use of smartphones to organise journeys and communicate once at their destinations. Other digital skills, including those relating to the workplace, are of greater relevance. |
Miguel Peromingo, Willem Pieterson |
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| FMR 58 - Investing in refugees: building human capital |
Investing in refugees’ well-being is a global public good, and the international community should work to reduce malnutrition and increase access to education for refugees in order to help build human capital and achieve better economic outcomes for all. |
Lili Mottaghi |
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| FMR 58 - Towards greater visibility and recruitment of skilled refugees |
Showcasing refugees’ skills connects refugees to global work opportunities, and also shifts narrative from one of refugees being burdens to host countries to one in which refugees are recognised as skilled workers for whom countries should be competing. |
Leah Nichles, Sayre Nyce |
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| FMR 58 - Validating highly educated refugees’ qualifications |
Qualification certificates play a central role in the labour market integration of highly educated refugees but validating them presents considerable challenges. Sweden and Norway have introduced some positive developments to address such difficulties. |
Katarina Mozetič |
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| FMR 58 - Refugee livelihoods: new actors, new models |
The international community is increasingly emphasising the need to bridge the humanitarian–development gap. But what does this mean on the ground in terms of refugees’ livelihoods and economic inclusion? |
Ziad Ayoubi, Regina Saavedra |
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| FMR 58 - The macro-economic impacts of Syrian refugee aid |
A new study on the effects of humanitarian assistance in response to the Syria crisis finds significant positive impacts for regional economic growth and job creation. |
Tobias Schillings |
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| FMR 58 - Quality of work for Syrian refugees in Jordan |
Work permits have been at the centre of the policy debate on the hosting of Syrian refugees in Jordan. This approach needs also to involve ensuring decent working conditions for all. |
Maha Kattaa, Meredith Byrne |
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| FMR 58 - The gig economy in complex refugee situations |
Research with Syrian women refugees in Jordan suggests that, despite significant challenges, the gig economy has some potential to help refugees participate in host communities and to bolster their economic participation. |
Abigail Hunt, Emma Samman, Dina Mansour-Ille, Henrieke Max |
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| FMR 58 - The power of markets: lessons from Uganda |
Market-based approaches in northern Uganda demonstrate the benefits of supporting local markets instead of distributing in-kind aid. |
Alison Hemberger, Sasha Muench, Chelsea Purvis |
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| FMR 58 - Livelihoods programming and its influence on secondary migration |
Improving access to work, as well as livelihoods programming itself, is required if the lives and livelihoods of Eritrean refugees in Ethiopia are to improve. |
Richard Mallett, Jessica Hagen-Zanker, Clare Cummings, Nassim Majidi |
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| FMR 58 - The shortcomings of employment as a durable solution |
The refugee assistance regime that prevails today seems to insist that the best, or only, solution to protracted refugee situations is firmly rooted in improving access to employment. |
Nora Bardelli |
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| FMR 58 Refugee-led social protection - Refugee-led social protection: reconceiving refugee assistance |
The help and assistance that refugees offer each other is central to the lives of many displaced people. Recognising this allows support for displaced people to be reconceived in more sustaining and empowering ways. |
Evan Easton-Calabria, Kate Pincock |
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| FMR 58 Refugee-led social protection - Refugee paralegals |
Refugees in Kenya face multiple barriers to accessing their rights. The work of paralegals who are themselves refugees and who support and facilitate refugees’ access to justice offers a vital service. |
Musenga Tshimankinda Christian |
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| FMR 58 Refugee-led social protection - Kobciye: empowering Somali refugees in Nairobi |
Established by a resettled Somali refugee and now under the leadership of his children, Kobciye resource centre works to empower Somali refugees in Eastleigh, Nairobi. |
Afrah Hassan |
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| FMR 58 Refugee-led social protection - Syrian refugee-led organisations in Berlin |
Many of the approximately 50,000 Syrian refugees living in Berlin continue to depend largely on State assistance; some refugees have also created and found additional support in active, vibrant community initiatives. |
Jennifer Wood, Evan Easton-Calabria, Yahya Alaous |
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| FMR 58 Refugee-led social protection - Refugee-led education in Indonesia |
Refugee-led education initiatives in West Java, Indonesia, show how refugee communities can work with supporters to overcome service gaps faced in host countries. |
Thomas Brown |
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| FMR 58 Refugee-led social protection - Lessons from LGBTIQ refugee-led community-based organisations |
The work of community-based organisations led by and in support of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans*, intersex and queer (LGBTIQ) refugees in Nairobi, Kenya, provides important insights. |
Hester K V Moore |
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| FMR 58 Humans and animals in refugee camps - Humans and animals in refugee camps |
More research is needed, across disciplines, to better understand the important and varied roles that animals play in the lives of people in refugee camps. |
Benjamin Thomas White |
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| FMR 58 Humans and animals in refugee camps - The role of livestock in refugee-host community relations |
In South Sudan, tensions arose when refugees arrived with their livestock, disrupting the existing relationships between the local population and nomadic peoples. |
Charles Hoots |
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| FMR 58 Humans and animals in refugee camps - Working equids in refugee camps |
Refugee camps offer good opportunities for cooperation between humanitarian and animal welfare organisations for the benefit of displaced people and their working animals. |
Patrick J Pollock |
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| FMR 58 Humans and animals in refugee camps - Sheltering animals in refugee camps |
Animals play an important role in many people’s lives in displacement. Camp planners and managers need to take animals’ needs into greater account in order for displaced people to continue to benefit from this interaction. |
Lara Alshawawreh |
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| FMR 58 Humans and animals in refugee camps - Understanding risk in human–animal interactions |
There needs to be better understanding not only of the importance of animals in the lives of displaced people but also of the potential risks incurred by human–animal interactions and how best to mitigate these risks. |
Sara Owczarczak-Garstecka |
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| FMR 57 - From the editors |
This issue therefore focuses – as did the 2014 issue – on displacement from and within Syria. |
Marion Couldrey, Jenny Peebles |
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| FMR 57 - Foreword: Syria in 2018 – in search of solutions |
This important issue of Forced Migration Review draws our attention to the current challenges facing displaced Syrians and the continuing search for solutions. |
Noor Al Hussein |
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| FMR 57 - Protecting the dignity of displaced Syrians |
What does dignity mean to Syrian refugees and practitioners? And what can humanitarian organisations do – or abstain from doing – to help Syrians preserve and protect their dignity? |
Kholoud Mansour |
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| FMR 57 - One camp, three refugee groups: challenges for local NGOs |
Local non-governmental organisations in Lebanon's Bourj al-Barajneh camp face challenges in responding to the complex needs of three different refugee groups. |
Olfat Mahmoud, Rebecca Roberts |
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| FMR 57 - Refugee-led humanitarianism in Lebanon's Shatila camp |
Refugee-led humanitarian initiatives by 'established' Palestinian refugees in response to the arrival of 'new' displaced Syrians to Shatila camp raise key questions. |
Hind Sharif |
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| FMR 57 - The role of municipalities in ensuring stability |
Responses to crises in Lebanon's Beka'a region in 2017 show that refugee-hosting municipalities can be a pillar of peaceful coexistence and must be supported. |
Josep Zapater |
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| FMR 57 - Competing security and humanitarian imperatives in the Berm |
Approximately 60,000 Syrians are trapped in 'the Berm', a desolate area on the Syria-Jordan border. When security concerns are prioritised over humanitarian needs and aid agencies turn to militant groups to deliver aid, the consequences can be deplorable. |
Charles Simpson |
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| FMR 57 - Categorising Syrians in Lebanon as 'vulnerable' |
Vulnerability assessments are used by humanitarian actors to identify those at greater risk of harm but their use in the response to displaced Syrians in Lebanon is problematic. |
Maja Janmyr, Lama Mourad |
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| FMR 57 - Rethinking the lessons from Za'atari refugee camp |
Humanitarian efforts to build a model refugee camp when constructing Azraq camp in Jordan – drawing on what was supposed to have been learned in Za'atari camp – missed crucial aspects of Za'atari's governance. |
Melissa N Gatter |
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| FMR 57 - The neglected health needs of older Syrian refugees in Jordan |
In Jordan, the specific health needs of older Syrian refugees tend to be overlooked, due in part to a lack of data, institutional biases and the nature of the humanitarian response. |
Sigrid Lupieri |
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| FMR 57 - The importance of social capital in protracted displacement |
We hope to generate discussion about ways to further tailor assessments, targeting and programming in this and other situations of protracted displacement. |
Ana Uzelac, Jos Meester, Markus Goransson, Willem van den Berg |
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| FMR 57 - From vulnerability to resilience: improving humanitarian response |
Lessons from responses to the Syrian displacement crisis can inform broader discussions on how to build responses that better address vulnerability, support resilience and include displaced women, children and young people in all their diversity. |
Emma Pearce, Boram Lee |
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| FMR 57 - Syrian refugees: thinking beyond gender stereotypes |
The dominant gender narratives among NGOs responding to Syrian refugees, and their subsequent interventions, are based on sometimes simplistic understandings of the ‘traditional’ Syrian household and power dynamics. |
Michelle Lokot |
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| FMR 57 - How migration to Europe affects those left behind |
Families are frequently separated as a result of migration and displacement from the Middle East to Europe, yet humanitarian aid is often difficult to access and insufficient to meet the needs of those left behind. |
Megan Passey |
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| FMR 57 - Peace education and psychosocial support for social cohesion |
Evidence from psychosocial support-based peace education work with young displaced Syrians shows that addressing trauma is critical in overcoming psychological barriers to social cohesion. |
Ruth Simpson |
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| FMR 57 - Private sector engagement in refugee education |
The involvement of the private sector in providing education for Syrian refugees has much to commend it but greater consideration needs to be paid to the ethical and practical concerns that may arise. |
Zeena Zakharia, Francine Menashy |
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| FMR 57 - Caring for male and LGBTI sexual violence survivors: learning from local organisations |
Local organisations responding to the Syrian humanitarian crisis are at the forefront of providing care for both male and LGBTI survivors of sexual violence. |
Sarah Chynoweth |
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| FMR 57 - Child marriage in Jordan: breaking the cycle |
In seeking to combat the growing phenomenon of child marriage among Syrian refugees, it is vital to engage the whole range of actors involved, and to recognise that girls and boys have the capacity to address this issue in their own communities. |
Georgia Swan |
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| FMR 57 - Expanding economic opportunities in protracted displacement |
Welcome progress has been made towards realising commitments made by international donors and host country governments to expand economic opportunities for Syrian refugees and host communities in neighbouring countries. |
Miki Takahashi, Michael Moroz, Jonathan Peters, Jason Pronyk, Richard Barltrop |
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| FMR 57 - Learning from the Jordan Compact |
Analysis of the implementation of the Jordan Compact offers three key lessons: governmental approval is important but not sufficient, the incorporation of critical voices is crucial, meeting numeric targets is not the same as achieving underlying goals. |
Katharina Lenner, Lewis Turner |
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| FMr 57 - Designing refugee compacts: lessons from Jordan |
Analysis of progress to date under the Jordan Compact highlights a number of shortcomings that need to be addressed if the model is to be used effectively elsewhere. |
Cindy Huang, Nazanin Ash, Katelyn Gough, Lauren Post |
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| FMR 57 - Turkey: between hospitality and hostility |
Recent political developments and changes in Turkey’s asylum law have had a significantly injurious impact on the safety and legal certainty of refugees in Turkey. |
Margarite Helena Zoeteweij-Turhan |
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| FMR 57 - Refugee youth, unemployment and extremism: countering the myth |
Refugee youth unemployment has been linked to increased risk of extremism and/or exploitation. Research indicates, however, that unemployment is just one of many factors triggering frustration among young refugees. |
Drew Mikhael, Julie Norman |
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| FMR 57 - Establishing legal identity for displaced Syrians |
Seven years of conflict have had a serious detrimental effect on many Syrians' ability to prove their legal identity. |
Martin Clutterbuck, Laura Cunial, Paola Barsanti, Tina Gewis |
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| FMR 57 - When is return voluntary? Conditions of asylum in Lebanon |
The decision of Syrian refugees in Lebanon to return to Syria must not be based on a deteriorating quality of asylum that creates physical, social and material pressures on decisions to return. |
Amy Keith, Nour Shawaf |
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| FMR 57 - Balancing the rights of displaced, returning and remaining populations: learning from Iraq |
The return of some 3.1 million IDPs in Iraq to their places of origin is seen as a benchmark of success in the aftermath of the recent civil war. However, the situation is complex. |
Nadia Siddiqui |
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| FMR 57 - Property restitution in post-conflict Syria |
Although restitution of property should underpin any post-conflict agreement, in Syria this will be a complex exercise. Adherence to the UN’s Pinheiro Principles will be critical. |
Martin Clutterbuck |
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| FMR 57 - Perspectives on the return of Syrian refugees |
There are many reasons why discussions about the imminent return of large numbers of Syrian refugees are premature. |
Leïla Vignal |
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| FMR 57 General - A vision for restitution in Myanmar |
People displaced in Myanmar during decades of civil conflict, as well as more recently displaced persons, need accessible legal pathways and assistance to regain access to their land and properties. |
José Arraiza, Scott Leckie |
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| FMR 57 General - The Gambia: a haven for refugees? |
Although not usually thought of as a haven of refugee protection, the Gambia has a fairly sizeable refugee population and some sophisticated legal frameworks and protection mechanisms. |
Franzisca Zanker |
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| FMR 57 General - Enhancing the protection of women and girls through the Global Compact on Refugees |
The consultative process involved in drafting the Global Compact on Refugees presents an ideal opportunity to ensure that gender equality is integral to this new international policy framework. |
Eileen Pittaway, Linda Bartolomei |
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| FMR 57 General - Italy's 'Zampa' law: increasing protection for unaccompanied children |
Italy has enacted comprehensive legislation to protect the rights of unaccompanied children arriving in Italy. |
Joseph Lelliott |
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| FMR 57 General - Voluntary immobility: indigenous voices in the Pacific |
Indigenous people of the Pacific are increasingly expressing a preference to stay on their lands for cultural and spiritual reasons, even in the face of significant deterioration in health and livelihoods associated with climate change. |
Carol Farbotko |
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| FMR 57 General - The role of civil society in Hong Kong |
Local organisations can significantly assist with service provision, integration and advocacy. |
Roy Njuabe |
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| FMR 55 - Low-cost, locally available shelters in Pakistan |
Flooding in 2010 affected 18 million people in Pakistan. With declining donor funds and flooding again in 2011 and 2012, the humanitarian community required low-cost solutions that could be scaled up. |
Ammarah Mubarak, Saad Hafeez |
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| FMR 35 Disabilities among refugees and conflict-affected populations |
In 2007 the Women's Refugee Commission launched a major research project to assess the situation for those living with disabilities among displaced and conflict affected populations. |
Rachael Reilly |
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| FMR 56 - From the editors |
The region of Latin America and the Caribbean has long demonstrated hospitality towards those fleeing conflict and persecution within the region and further afield. |
Marion Couldrey, Jenny Peebles |
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| FMR 56 - Foreword: Regional solidarity and commitment to protection in Latin America and the Caribbean |
At a time when over 65 million people are forcibly displaced worldwide, Latin America and the Caribbean offer examples of good practices from a region which continues to uphold a long-standing commitment to protect those in need. |
Filippo Grandi |
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| FMR 56 - Protection gaps in Mexico |
With Mexico a major destination – and transit – country for people displaced by violence in the Northern Triangle of Central America, the Mexican government needs urgently to improve its asylum systems and procedures if they are to be fit for purpose. |
Andrea Villasenor, Elba Coria |
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| FMR 56 - Silencing criticism in Mexico |
Journalists and human rights defenders in Mexico are being attacked in an attempt to silence their criticism. Many are forced to flee or risk being assassinated. The consequences are both personal and of wider social significance. |
Ximena Suárez, Daniel Zapico |
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| FMR 56 - La 72: an oasis along the migration routes in Mexico |
In the face of violence, stricter migration policies and daily obstacles, those working at the La 72 shelter strive to respect people’s sense of dignity while caring for their safety. |
Alejandro Olayo-Méndez |
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| FMR 56 - Mexico’s Michoacán state: mixed migration flows and transnational links |
Against a backdrop of unremitting violence in Mexico, traditional migration patterns in the North American corridor are being reconfigured. |
Xóchitl Bada, Andreas E Feldmann |
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| FMR 56 - Criminal violence in Honduras as a driver of displacement |
The impact of violence is felt daily in the Northern Triangle of Central America and is a major driver of displacement, yet its very nature obstructs identification of and access to those in need of protection. |
Suzanna Nelson-Pollard |
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| FMR 56 - Factors influencing decision making by people fleeing Central America |
Interviews with people who have fled violence in Central America reveal the influences behind their decision making prior to and during flight. |
Vickie Knox |
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| FMR 56 - Central American refugees: protected or put at risk by communication technologies? |
In a world that is more interconnected than ever, many refugees cannot obtain information or communicate when they most need to. Paradoxically, carrying a phone or connecting to the internet can put them at risk if they do not take security measures. |
Guillermo Barros |
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